Virology and Epidemiology in the Time of COVID-19

American Museum of Natural History via Coursera

Go to Course: https://www.coursera.org/learn/virology-epidemiology

Introduction

### Course Review: Virology and Epidemiology in the Time of COVID-19 In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for understanding viral diseases and their implications on society has never been higher. The Coursera course "Virology and Epidemiology in the Time of COVID-19" expertly addresses this need by offering an in-depth exploration of both the science and social impacts of viral infectious diseases. #### Overview Led by distinguished faculty, including Dr. Rob DeSalle and Dr. Michael Tessler, this course takes participants from the fundamental concepts of virology to the intricate world of epidemiology. The course structure is intuitive, gradually building upon each concept to provide a comprehensive understanding of how viruses operate, how they affect human health, and how society can respond to the challenges they pose. #### Syllabus Breakdown 1. **What is a Virus?** The course begins with the core question: "What is a virus?" Dr. DeSalle guides learners through the basics of virology, contrasting viruses with other microorganisms, exploring viral geometry, and discussing viral life cycles. This foundational knowledge is crucial, especially in light of recent events where rapid identification of viruses like SARS-CoV-2 has been vital. The discussions about ecosystems and the relationship between diverse life forms underscore the interconnectedness of living things, a theme that resonates throughout the course. 2. **How Do Viruses Make Us Sick?** The second module focuses on the pathogenic nature of viruses. It delves into the replication mechanisms of DNA and RNA viruses, elucidating how these pathogens can disrupt normal bodily functions. The case studies of HIV and HPV illustrate the varying responses in the scientific community to different viral threats and set the stage for understanding COVID-19's unique challenges. 3. **How Do We Fight Viruses?** Understanding our immune response is integral to combating viral diseases, and this section details both the innate and adaptive immune systems. The overview of vaccine development, notably the advancement of mRNA vaccines during COVID-19, provides insights into the rapid progress of science under urgency and scrutiny. 4. **How Do Viruses Spread Through Populations?** The exploration of how pathogens emerge from animal species to humans is particularly relevant in today's context of zoonotic diseases. The feature on disease ecology raises awareness of urbanization's role in spreading diseases, highlighting the importance of environmental considerations in public health. 5. **What Is the Impact of Viral Spread on Populations and How Do We Know?** Employing computer modeling as a tool for epidemiology, learners gain perspective on how data drives public health decisions. Dr. Kong's case study exemplifies the tangible impact that well-informed public health policies can have on community health, while discussions on health inequities broaden the understanding of how pandemics affect various populations differently. 6. **How Do We Manage Future Viral Outbreaks?** Finally, the course wraps up with lessons learned from managing the COVID-19 pandemic. Practical strategies for preparing for future outbreaks—like enhanced testing, better surveillance, and equitable distribution of resources—are paramount discussions in this module, making it essential for anyone interested in public health. #### Recommendations I highly recommend this course to a wide array of individuals—from healthcare professionals seeking to deepen their understanding of viral diseases, to students and enthusiasts curious about the intersection of science and society during pandemics. The course's combination of rigorous scientific content and its real-world implications presents a holistic view of virology and epidemiology. Engaging video lectures, interactive quizzes, and detailed essays will not only enhance your knowledge but also equip you with insights that are crucial in contemporary discussions surrounding public health and infectious diseases. ### Conclusion "Virology and Epidemiology in the Time of COVID-19" is more than just an educational journey—it's an essential exploration into the realities of living in a world shaped by viruses. As we continue to navigate the challenges posed by COVID-19 and future pandemics, understanding these concepts becomes increasingly vital. Enroll today and empower yourself with crucial knowledge that can contribute to a healthier future for all.

Syllabus

What is a Virus?

Course author Dr. Rob DeSalle starts by posing a few seminal questions: What is a virus? Are viruses alive? What even is life? While there are no simple answers and much is still unknown, scientists have developed frameworks to understand how viruses fit into the complexity of life on Earth. In the first essay of the course, we cover virus basics: the difference between viruses and microorganisms such as bacteria; viral geometry and structural diversity; and viral life cycles and replication. Next, virologist Dr. Koenraad Van Doorslaer explains how viruses are classified and why this classification is important. When COVID-19 became a pandemic, understanding how viruses are related to one another enabled scientists to quickly identify SARS CoV-2 and its variants. This week’s video explores the connections among humans, viruses, other organisms, and the ecosystems we all inhabit.

How Do Viruses Make Us Sick?

The key to understanding what a virus is lies in understanding how it replicates itself within its host. Dr. DeSalle explains the three categories of viruses—DNA viruses, RNA viruses, and reverse-transcribing viruses—and their replication cycles. While they employ different strategies, they all produce mRNA, which is translated into proteins that all viruses need to function. Next, Dr. Michael Tessler explains how scientists use genomics and bioinformatics to identify viruses that become pathogenic. Finally, we take a closer look at two viral diseases: HIV and HPV. In one case (HIV), scientists have been working toward a vaccine for more than 40 years and a vaccine is beyond their grasp. In the other case (HPV), a vaccine has successfully prevented cancers for over a decade. In the first of the four-part video series about the making of a COVID-19 vaccine, we set the stage by asking: How do you prepare for a pandemic of a virus that doesn’t yet exist?

How Do We Fight Viruses?

As we have learned, viruses that cause disease are formidable foes, but our bodies have ways of fighting back. We have an innate immune system that works to stop all invading microbes, and an adaptive immune system that learns how to fight particular ones. We explain some of the mechanisms of this very complex system and the medicines that we use to aid our natural defenses. Dr. Tessler breaks down the different methods that scientists use to identify viruses that have broken through our defenses and made us sick. In the week’s final essay, we meet Dr. Julie Ledgerwood, who oversaw the clinical trials that led to a revolutionary mRNA vaccine for COVID-19. Two videos cover vaccines: how they work and how they were developed and tested.

How Do Viruses Spread Through Populations?

While diseases have shaped the course of humanity for millennia, we are witnessing the emergence of novel pathogens and pandemics at an unprecedented rate. COVID-19 is at least the seventh pandemic to affect humans in the past century. Why is this? How do pathogens that start off in nonhuman animal species spread to humans? This week we are introduced to Dr. Pallavi Kache and Dr. Neil Vora and the field of disease ecology, which seeks to understand the interactions between pathogens and their hosts in the context of their evolution and environment. They explain how pathogens emerge from nonhuman hosts into human populations and how our increasingly urban environments affect the spread of disease. Then, Dr. Jeffrey Shaman explains how, once a pathogen has infected humans, it then spreads from human to human, and how we measure the dynamics of disease spread. A series of videos explores pandemics from history to the present, and we discuss how we know that the COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective.

What Is the Impact of Viral Spread on Populations and How Do We Know?

Computer modeling has been an important tool during the COVID-19 pandemic. Dr. DeSalle explains the process by which epidemiologists use models to monitor the spread of the pandemic, to evaluate efforts to control it, and to guide policymakers as they make decisions about measures like vaccination, closing schools, and allocating healthcare resources. In this week’s case study of Dr. Jude Kong, we learn how modeling helped one community make informed decisions about public health policy during the COVID-19 pandemic and saved lives. Finally, we look at how diseases and pandemics affect different communities differently, and how public health experts are working to address health inequities. In the final part of the video series about the making of a COVID-19 vaccine, we ask how we can use our new knowledge about mRNA technology and health inequities to ensure better outcomes for the future.

How Do We Manage Future Viral Outbreaks?

We start this week by zooming in on New York City, which was one of the epicenters of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020. Officials at the New York City Department of Heath describe what it was like to manage the pandemic on the ground and explain lessons they learned. Then we zoom out to look at the past, present, and future of emerging infectious diseases. Humans have lived with infectious diseases for millenia, but why are there an increasing number of spillover events, in which viruses jump from nonhuman animals to us? What do we know now that could protect us from future outbreaks? In the final essay of the course, Dr. DeSalle answers the question: How can we prepare for future pandemics locally and as a global community, through testing, vaccines, surveillance, and treatment?