Think Again IV: How to Avoid Fallacies

Go to Course: https://www.coursera.org/learn/logical-fallacies

Introduction

# Course Review: Think Again IV: How to Avoid Fallacies on Coursera In today’s fast-paced world, where information is abundant and often conflicting, the ability to discern truth from deception is more crucial than ever. Coursera's course, **Think Again IV: How to Avoid Fallacies**, is a timely addition to anyone's learning journey, particularly for those looking to sharpen their critical thinking skills. ### Overview Part of the **Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking** specialization, this course delves into the pervasive issue of fallacies—errors in reasoning that can lead us to false conclusions. Whether engaged in political discourse, sales tactics, or everyday conversations, understanding and recognizing these fallacies is vital for developing sound arguments and making informed decisions. The course emphasizes both the identification of fallacies and the importance of steering clear of them in our reasoning. With professional and personal encounters filled with potential misinformation, learning about fallacies is essential in ensuring that we are not easily swayed by misleading arguments. ### Course Structure and Content **Welcome to the Course** The course begins with a concise introduction, outlining its goals and the importance of recognizing fallacious reasoning. It sets up the foundational knowledge that learners will build upon through this and the preceding courses in the series. **Weeks Overview:** 1. **Fallacies of Unclarity** This module focuses on the linguistic challenges that give rise to vague or ambiguous statements. Learners will comprehend how these nuances can lead to fallacies and will gain practical skills to identify such instances in everyday contexts. **Learning Outcomes:** - Define what a fallacy is. - Distinguish between various kinds of fallacies. - Identify slippery slope fallacies and fallacies of equivocation. 2. **Fallacies of Relevance** In this segment, the course tackles two prevalent fallacies: **ad hominem** arguments and **appeals to authority**. The beauty of this section lies in its nuanced approach, recognizing that not all such arguments are fallacious, which adds to the complexity of discerning truth. **Learning Outcomes:** - Distinguish when an ad hominem argument is a fallacy. - Determine the legitimacy of an appeal to authority. 3. **Fallacies of Vacuity and Circularity** Here, learners are introduced to fallacies where arguments fail to progress from premises to conclusions. These types of reasoning are incredibly common in everyday arguments, making this knowledge particularly valuable. **Learning Outcomes:** - Identify various forms of circular reasoning. 4. **Refutation: Its Varieties and Pitfalls** This week emphasizes the strategies one can use to effectively refute fallacious arguments. Understanding how to articulate why an argument fails is a vital skill that enhances one's overall argumentative capability. **Learning Outcomes:** - Master various techniques to refute fallacious arguments. 5. **Catch-Up and Final Quiz** The course concludes with a week dedicated to reinforcing knowledge through review and a quiz, allowing students to test their understanding and mastery of fallacies. ### Learning Experience The course is well-structured, with each section progressively building on the last. The use of optional readings from *Understanding Arguments, Ninth Edition* provides additional resources for those wanting to delve deeper into the material. The course also employs interactive quizzes, allowing flexibility in learning with immediate feedback. ### Recommendations I highly recommend **Think Again IV: How to Avoid Fallacies** for anyone looking to enhance their critical thinking abilities. The knowledge gained is not only academically enriching but also practically applicable across numerous aspects of life, from debates and discussions to navigating everyday misinformation. Whether you're a university student, a professional in any field, or simply a curious learner, this course offers essential skills that will benefit you personally and socially. By improving your ability to identify and counter fallacies, you empower yourself to engage more thoughtfully with the world around you. In conclusion, enrolling in this course is a valuable investment in your cognitive toolkit. Enhance your reasoning skills, protect yourself from manipulation, and become a confident communicator—enroll today on Coursera!

Syllabus

Welcome to the Course

Welcome to Think Again: How to Avoid Fallacies! This course is the fourth in the specialization Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking, based on our original Coursera course titled Think Again: How to Reason and Argue. We are excited that you are taking this course, and we hope that you will take all four courses in the series, because there is a great deal of important material to learn. In the series as a whole, you learn how to analyze and evaluate arguments and how to avoid common mistakes in reasoning. These important skills will be useful to you in deciding what to believe and what to do in all areas of your life. We encounter fallacies almost everywhere we look. Politicians, salespeople, and children commonly use fallacies in order to get us to think what they want us to think. Think Again: How to Avoid Fallacies will show how to identify and avoid many of the fallacies that people use to get us to think the way they want us to think. The first part of this course introduces the series and the course. It also clarifies some peculiarities you may find with this course. We encourage you to watch the "Introduction to the Specialization" video first as it will help you learn more from the materials that come later.

CONTENT: In this week's material we will describes two phenomena that are both common and useful in the languages that human beings speak, but both of which give rise to the potential for fallacious reasoning. A word or phrase is vague when its meaning is not precise, and it is ambiguous when it has more than one meaning. When we use vague or ambiguous phrases in our reasoning, it is very easy for us to make a number of different kinds of fallacies. This week will teach you what these different kinds of fallacies are, and give us some practice in spotting them, so you can make sure to avoid them in the future. LEARNING OUTCOMES : By the end of this week's material you will be able to: define what a fallacy is distinguish various kinds of fallacies understand the linguistic phenomena that give rise to fallacies identify various kinds of slippery slop fallacies where they occur identify various kinds of fallacies of equivocation where they occur OPTIONAL READING: If you want more examples or more detailed discussions of the fallacies that result from vaguness or ambiguity, we recommend Understanding Arguments, Ninth Edition, Chapters 13-14.

CONTENT: This week describes two of the most common fallacies that people make: ad hominem fallacies and appeals to authority. Part of what makes these fallacies so common, and so difficult to avoid, is that many ad hominem arguments, and many appeals to authority, are actually not fallacies at all! Only some of them are. And figuring out which of them are fallacies is more of an art than a science. There is no simple recipe, but there are some rules of thumb you can use. We hope that the practice that you get in this week will help you to improve your skills at distinguish the fallacious from the non-fallacious instances of ad hominem reasoning, as well as appeal to authority. LEARNING OUTCOMES: By the end of this section you will be able to: determine whether an ad hominem argument is a fallacy determine whether an appeal to authority is a fallacy OPTIONAL READING: If you want more examples or more detailed discussions of these topics, we recommend Understanding Arguments, Ninth Edition, Chapter 15.

CONTENT: Now we will describe another common set of fallacies: fallacies that occur when an argument makes no progress from its premises to its conclusion. Sometimes, arguments make no progress because the conclusion is already contained in the premises. Sometimes, arguments make no progress because the conclusion is presupposed by the premises. And sometimes, arguments make no progress because the premises don’t make any claim at all, even if they might sound like they do. When you know how to identify such fallacies, you will find that they are more common than you think! LEARNING OUTCOMES: By the end of this section you will be able to: identify various kinds of circularity or vacuity where they occur OPTIONAL READING: If you want more examples or more detailed discussions of these topics, we recommend Understanding Arguments,Ninth Edition, Chapter 16.

CONTENT: This week we will teach you various strategies for refuting a fallacious argument. To refute an argument is to show that the argument is unsuccessful. Even if you are able to identify a fallacious argument as a fallacy, you might still not be able to prove to others that it is a fallacy. In this week, you will learn a variety of techniques for proving to others that the argument is a fallacy. LEARNING OUTCOMES: By the end of this week you will be able to: refute fallacious arguments OPTIONAL READING: If you want more examples or more detailed discussions of these topics, we recommend Understanding Arguments, Ninth Edition, Chapter 17.

This week gives you time to catch up and review, because we realize that the previous weeks include a great deal of challenging material. It will also be provide enough time to take the final quiz as often as you want, with different questions each time. We explain the answers in each exam so that you can learn more and do better when you try the exam again. You may take the quiz as many times as you want in order to learn more and do better, with different questions each time. You will be able to retake the quiz three times every eight hours. You might not need to take more than one version of the exam if you do well enough on your first try. That is up to you. However many versions you take, we hope that all of the exams will provide additional learning experiences.